For example, the general surgeon begins a lap chole on a 68-year-old male with gallbladder disease. In the Unites States, 90% are performed laparoscopically. A diagnostic laparoscopy (CPT 49320) or laparotomy (CPT 49000) should be entered as the principal operative procedure only when no other procedure eligible for assessment has been performed in that particular surgical case. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be converted to an open cholecystectomy. S syllingk Guest Messages Cholecystitis or gallstone disease occurs when gallstones crystallize (cholelithiasis) and block the release of bile from the gallbladder. However, inflammation, adhesions, and anatomic difficulty continue to challenge the use and safety of this approach in a small number of patients. Appendectomy or laparoscopic appendectomy CPT code(s): 44950, 44955, 44960, 44970 Cholecystectomy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Cholecystectomy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy CPT code(s): 47562, 47563, 47564, 47600, 47605, 47610, 47612, 47620. Radiology tests provide valuable information regarding the location of gallstones, as well as size and effect on organ function. Cholangiogram is the procedure including X-ray imaging with contrast material. To optimize reimbursement in these situations, surgeons and their coders must ensure that documentation is both accurate and complete. (a) When a person who may or may not be sick encounters the health services for some specific purpose, such as to receive limited care or service for a current condition, to donate an organ or tissue, to receive prophylactic vaccination (immunization), or to discuss a problem which is in itself not a disease or injury. government site. Hired for her dental expertise, Amber brings a wealth of knowledge and understanding of the dental revenue cycle management (RCM) services to MOS. 2017, and November 30, 2021. Test us for free with a no obligation trial, get the pricing, and then decide if we are a good fit. Compared to ICD-9, ICD-10 offers much greater specificity for reporting cholelithiasis with location, additional condition, nature of additional condition, and presence of obstruction: K80.0(calculus of gallbladder with acute cholecystitis), K80.1 (calculus of gallbladder and other cholecystitis), K80.2 (calculus of gallbladder without cholecystitis), K80.3 (calculus of bile duct with cholangitis), K80.4 (calculus of bile duct with cholecystis), K80.5 (calculus of bile duct without cholangitis or cholecystitis), K80.6 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct with cholecystitis), CPT Codes for Cholecystectomy Removal of the Gall Bladder. Select Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Procedures with and without Common Bile Duct Exploration (CBDE) . I code from the record, never by what doctors write at the beginning. Thats why it is important to read the body of the operative note. CPT Code2 Description Physician3 Ambulatory Surgical Center 4 Hospital Outpatient 47563 Laparoscopy, surgical; cholecystectomy with cholangiography Facility Only: $744 $2,363 $5,168 47564 Laparoscopy, surgical; cholecystectomy with exploration of common duct Facility Only: $1,154 $2,363 $5,168 Going beyond just getting the job done, we can help create sustainable improvement as part of your medical billing team. Surgical options include the standard procedure, called laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and an older more invasive procedure, called open cholecystectomy. The difference between CPT codes 47562 and 47563 is the work of the intraoperative cholangiography. This is reflected in the relative value units assigned to each procedure: 47562, 18.17; 47563 19.59; 47564, 23.59. Converting to gain better access or to facilitate removal of the gallbladder is commonplace and, therefore, modifier -22 shouldnt be used. B3.3 . Colectomy codes are identified as either open or laparoscopic. 23 These include proper angulation of the cystic duct and the CBD during initial dissection, use of an angled laparoscope, and a lowered threshold for conversion to an open procedure. Hospital policy usually dictates that anything sent back to the radiology department must generate a report signed by a hospital radiologist, even if S&I was already performed by the surgeon. In addition, CPT codes 47562 and 47563 describe more complex surgical procedures that have a 090-day global period compared with 47560 which has a 000-day global period. In certain circumstances, the procedure must be converted to open to safely complete the operation. Gallbladder adhesion degree as predictor of conversion surgery, common bile duct injury and resurgery in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A cross-sectional study. calculus. HCFA policy, meanwhile, states that only one physician may be paid for performing radiological S&I. Note: If the patient is brought back to the operating room for repair of the complication, modifier -78 (return to the operating room for a related procedure during the postoperative period) should be attached to the appropriate procedure code. Note: While you may not be the provider responsible for obtaining prior authorization, as a condition of payment you will need to make sure that prior authorization has been obtained.Tufts Health Plan requires the use of an InterQual SmartSheet to obtain prior authorization for Cholecystectomies. ICD-10-PCS 0FT40ZZ is a specific/billable code that can be used to indicate a procedure. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. An official website of the United States government. [emphasis added] 1 of 2. This confusion likely involves use of International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) codes, which classify procedures performed in the inpatient setting. If the surgeon performs a cholangiogram with no radiologist present and provides the supervision and interpretation (S&I). Any member who underwent an appendectomy or cholecystectomy (laparoscopic or other) during the 365 day period ending 30 days prior to the end of the measurement year. A lipoma or preperitoneal fat that is within the hernia sac or part of the hernia repair would not be separately reported. It appears that national coder websites and coder discussion boards have been providing incorrect coding guidance, which may represent the root cause of the coding confusion. hb``d``\ B,@Qsc (GSB1v hj a`eX7Ae;KgB7v7J*xG? (2021). .multiple perforations) or 44604 (suture of large intestine [colorrhaphy] for perforated ulcer, diverticulum, wound, injury or rupture [single or multiple perforations]; without colostomy), depending on the situation. The study population was identified by CPT code 47562, 47563, and 47564 utilizing a centralized electronic medical . Question: She is CPC certified with the American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC). In this situation, appending modifier -22 to the open cholecystectomy code may be appropriate because the patients condition required more time and effort. The minor incision does not allow exposure of the abdominal cavity for the laparoscopic diagnostic examination, mobilization of the intestine, vascular ligation, and final irrigation and inspection. The completed SmartSheet(s) must be sent to the applicable fax number listed above, according to Plan. Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic, Cholangiogram Intraoperative with LaparoscopicCholecystectomy. Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. CPT Code: 47562, 47563 Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM Z53.31 became effective on October 1, 2022. With a second grasper, the gallbladder infundibulum is retracted laterally to expose and open Calots Triangle (the area bound by the inferior border of the liver, cystic duct, and common hepatic duct). Careers. Spending an extra 20 or 30 minutes is probably not enough, Elliott says, because fees are based on the average time it takes to perform the procedure. Hand off the resected specimen from the surgical field. cpt codes for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This resulted in a rank order anomaly for 2012(47562 wRVU = 11.87; 47563 wRVU = 11.47). Additionally, CPT code 47563 was reviewed in October 2010. Categories. CPT codes are standardized information that specifies the process to be done on a patient. A corresponding procedure code must accompany a Z code if a procedure is performed. The surgeon may spend 45 minutes repairing the perforation but cannot bill the procedure because, according to HCFA guidelines, physicians may not bill separately for complications that arise during an operative session. An article in the June 1, 2016 Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) cautions that medical coding service providers should read the physicians operative report carefully to identify all valid diagnoses, or else it would lead to loss of revenue for the physician. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. The ACS also provides clarification on coding in such circumstances in its June 1, 2018 bulletin. Although some surgeons try to bill both services by appending modifier -53 (discontinued procedure) to the lap chole with cholangiogram (47563, or 47562 if no cholangiogram was performed), this is incorrect because 47605 and 47563 describe different ways of performing the same service. Coders have referenced each of these ICD-10-PCS approaches to claim that laparoscopic abdominal procedures that include a minor incision for hand-assistance laparoscopy (HAL) or for extraction or exteriorization of the bowel should be coded as an open procedure. The procedure performed for the purposes of this example is an attempted percutaneous robotic-assisted laparoscopic total hysterectomy, converted to an open total abdominal hysterectomy. All Rights Reserved to AMA. 2019 Dec 1;62(6):402-411. doi: 10.1503/cjs.014617. The ACS, ASCRS, and SAGES agree that the procedures described as open in the CPT code set have always clearly meant that a laparotomy was performed and that the procedures described as laparoscopic have always clearly meant that the beginning, end, and most or all of the work in . Again, modifier -22 should be appended to indicate that significant additional work and time were required to perform the procedure. You may appropriately bill the extra time using modifier -22. All our content are education purpose only. This is performed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gall bladder removal) for evaluation of bile excretion in small intestine. Benefit coverage for health services is determined by the member specific benefit plan document and applicable laws that may require coverage for a specific service. My doctor started a laparoscopic cholecystectomy that had . For all other claims, report the appropriate CPT code for laparoscopy, surgical; cholecystectomy (any method), and the appropriate CPT code for laparoscopy, surgical: cholecystectomy with cholangiography. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. and surgeons in the laparoscopic group will aim for laparoscopic cholecystectomy with conversion to open cholecystectomy if this is indicated. Ann Med Surg (Lond). Surgical options include the standard procedure, called laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and an older more invasive procedure, called open cholecystectomy. Only the CPT code for one of the services, generally the more invasive service, should be reported. The revenue codes and UB-04 codes are the IP of the American Hospital Association. What is the CPT code for cholecystectomy? How painful is laparoscopic gallbladder surgery? Answered 1 year ago. . Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment for benign gallbladder pathologies. Because of overutilization, modifier -22 has become a red flag for audit, and physicians must abide by stringent documentation and compliance guidelines when using it. A . 587 0 obj
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Biliary lithiasis is a global disorder affecting nearly 20% of the world's population, although most cases occur without symptoms. The .gov means its official. See the appropriate diagnosis codes below. Tip 3: Bill S&I If a Radiologist Isnt Present 2006). Let's ra, With the large amounts of clinical documentation a, Arterial embolization is a minimally-invasive proc, Need professional support to meet those medical bi, February is observed as American Heart Month, Streamline the billing process and prevent claim d, Cracking the Code: Understanding CDT Codes for Dental Bridges, Dental Billing Codes for Reporting Osseous Surgery, K80.00 (calculus of gallbladder with acute cholecystitis without obstruction, K80.01 (calculus of gallbladder with acute cholecystitis with obstruction, K80.10 (calculus of gallbladder with chronic cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.11 (calculus of gallbladder with chronic cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.12 (calculus of gallbladder with acute and chronic cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.13 (calculus of gallbladder with acute and chronic cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.18 (calculus of gallbladder with other cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.19 (calculus of gallbladder with other cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.20 (calculus of gallbladder without cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.21 (calculus of gallbladder without cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.30 (calculus of bile duct with cholangitis, unspecified, without obstruction, K80.31 (calculus of bile duct with cholangitis, unspecified, with obstruction), K80.32 (calculus of bile duct with cholangitis, without obstruction), K80.33 (calculus of bile duct with cholangitis, with obstruction), K80.34 (calculus of bile duct with chronic cholangitis, without obstruction), K80.35 (calculus of bile duct with chronic cholangitis, with obstruction), K80.36 (calculus of bile duct with acute and chronic cholangitis, without obstruction), K80.37 (calculus of bile duct with acute and chronic cholangitis, with obstruction), K80.40 (calculus of bile duct with cholecystitis, unspsecified without obstruction), K80.41 (calculus of bile duct with cholecystitis, unspecified, with obstruction), K80.42 (calculus of bile duct with acute cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.43 (calculus of bile duct with acute cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.44 (calculus of bile duct with chronic cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.45 (calculus of bile duct with chronic cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.46 (calculus of bile duct with acute and chronic cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.47 (calculus of bile duct with acute and chronic cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.50 (calculus of bile duct without cholangitis or cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.51 (calculus of bile duct without cholangitis or cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.60 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct with cholecystitis, unspecified, without obstruction), K80.61 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct with cholecystitis, unspecified, with obstruction), K80.62 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct with acute cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.63 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct with acute cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.64 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct with chronic cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.65 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct with chronic cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.66 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct with acute and chronic cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.67 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct with acute and chronic cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.7 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct without cholecystitis), K80.70 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct without cholecystitis without obstruction), K80.71 (calculus of gallbladder and bile duct without cholecystitis with obstruction), K80.80 (other cholelithiasis without obstruction), K80.81 other cholelithiasis with obstruction), K81.2 (acute cholecystitis with chronic cholecystitis), 47562 (laparoscopic cholecystectomy without cholangiography), 47563 (laparoscopic cholecystectomy with cholangiography), 47564 (laparoscopic cholecystectomy with exploration of the common bile duct), 47600 (cholecystectomy without cholangiography), 47605 (cholecystectomy with cholangiography), 47610 (cholecystectomy with exploration of the common bile duct), 47612 (cholecystectomy with exploration of common bile duct; with choledochoenterostomy), 47620 (cholecystectomy with exploration of common duct; with transduodenal sphincterotomy or sphincteroplasty, with or without cholangiography). The following list(s) of codes is provided for reference purposes only and may not be all inclusive. Question 12.Question : (TCO 6) If a patient has a laparoscopic cholecystectomy converted to an open cholecystectomy, the ICD-10-PCS coding guidelines require that the coder must code: Student Answer: open resection of the gallbladder percutaneous endoscopic inspection both percutaneous endoscopic inspection and open . In addition, the patient develops a bile leak. If significant additional work or time is required to lyse adhesions, repair a complication or convert the procedure from laparoscopic to open, modifier -22 (unusual procedural services) can be appended to the appropriate code and additional payment claimed; or Seven C. Four D. Five, The fifth character of the ICD-10-PCS code is for the approach, which identifies the method used to reach the .
A. Resection is the root operation because the entire gallbladder was resected. Between May 2008 and April 2010, 3371 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed at Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center. Treatment for acute cholecystitis is removal of the gallbladder or cholecystectomy. The surgeon may also explore the common bile duct for gallstones at the same time. Intraoperative complexity and risk factors associated with conversion to open surgery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in eight hospitals in Mexico City. 47564 with exploration of common duct. Only the code for the successful procedure, in this case the open cholecystectomy, should be reported. A. January 1, 2014 B. January 1, 2015 C. October 1, 2016 D. October 1, 2015, What is the total number of characters in an ICD-10-PCS code? A total of 310 patients (5.2%) had had their cholecystectomies converted to an open procedure. A total of eight patients were admitted to the hospital following postanesthesia care, six of these eight patients were discharged on the first postoperative day. Surgeons should be aware that an unlisted procedure requires documentation that provides relevant information, including a proper definition/description of the nature, extent, and need for the procedure, and the time, effort, and equipment necessary to provide the service. In the case of a lap chole converted to an open procedure, an additional diagnosis code V64.4 (laparoscopic surgical procedure converted to open procedure) should be included to indicate that the switch occurred, according to the ICD-9-CM Coding Handbook. MeSH It is incorrect to report a code for ileostomy or jejunostomy (44310 or 44187) with a partial colectomy code (for example, 44145 or 44207) for this procedure, as doing so would be unbundling. The mortality rate for these patients was 0.7%. Tip 2: Use Modifier -22 for Significant Additional Time Can both be billed? It is a common treatment of symptomatic gallstones and other gallbladder conditions. How would I code these two procedures? What is the CPT for laparoscopic cholecystectomy? American Hospital Association ("AHA"). Outsource Strategies International is one of the leading medical billing and coding companies in the medical outsourcing space focused on all aspects of revenue cycle management. So if a laparoscopic biopsy of the liver is performed at the same time as another laparoscopic procedure, unlisted code 47379 should be reported, as there is no CPT code for a laparoscopic liver biopsy. This type of surgery requires meticulous surgical skill, but in straightforward cases, it can be done in about an hour. *All specific references to CPT codes and descriptions are 2018 American Medical Association. Following trends in national coding blogs and websites, institutional coders have concluded that extracorporeal extraction and creation of an anastomosis is an open procedure, making the operation an open colectomy. Just because a procedure was converted from laparoscopic to open does not automatically justify the use of modifier -22, she explains. A laparoscopic colectomy is performed with most of the procedure completed intracorporeally, including, but not limited to, a diagnostic laparoscopy, mobilization of the intestine, vascular ligation, and bowel transection. Warchaowski , uszczki E, Bartosiewicz A, Dere K, Warchaowska M, Oleksy , Stolarczyk A, Podlasek R. Int J Environ Res Public Health. J Gastrointest Surg. The ACS, ASCRS, and SAGES agree that the procedures described as open in the CPT code set have always clearly meant that a laparotomy was performed and that the procedures described as laparoscopic have always clearly meant that the beginning, end, and most or all of the work in between was performed using trocars and laparoscopic instruments. National Library of Medicine Some surgeons routinely include cholangiography (many surgeons have been trained to do so), whereas others may perform the service only for specific indications, such as an elevated liver function study, an ultrasound that shows an enlarged common bile duct or because the patient has a history of gallstone pancreatitis. The edit includes a 0 indicator, meaning that no override is possible using modifier -59 (distinct procedural service). The authors concluded that laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed as true outpatients within hours of completion of the procedure. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? Index: In the Alphabetic Index, under Cholecystectomy, there are two choices: see Excision, Gallbladder (0FB4) and see Resection, Gallbladder (0FT4). Code History 2016 (effective 10/1/2015) : New code (first year of non-draft ICD-10-PCS) For example, the surgeon attempts to remove an inflamed gallbladder laparoscopically. For the "ICD-10 Coding--Bonnie Altus" playlist, go to:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRfHZ9wXKs6dJTxMF8y08sxGupC5AAj_PBonnie Altus (MS,RHIA,CHPS) is . However, for 2013, CMS did not agree with the RUC and instead further reduced the wRVU for 47562 to correct the rank order anomaly that CMS created when it reduced the wRVU for 47563. The same policy also states that the interpretation that ultimately guides the further treatment of the patient (i.e., the surgeons) should be paid, although this can be a delicate issue between surgeons and radiologists. Note: As of October 1, 1996, laparoscopic partial cholecystectomy is coded to 51.24 and other partial cholecystectomy is coded to 51.21. Then the gallbladder is dissected away from the liver bed and removed through one of the ports. alcoholic drinks, including beer, wine, and spirits. Resection Remove all remaining trocars under direct vision. CPT Codes, Descriptors, and other data only are copyright 1999 American Medical Association (or such other date of publication of CPT). This is reflected in the relative value units assigned to each procedure: 47562, 18.17; 47563 19.59; 47564, 23.59. Inflammation (35%), adhesions (28%), and anatomic difficulty (22%) were the three most common intraoperative findings leading to conversion. help the operating surgeon code the surgery as simple or difficult. Conversion to open cholecystectomy . If you find anything not as per policy. A diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (58.8%) was more common among converted cases. Although the wRVUs for 47562 and 47563 do not reflect the RUC review of survey data and RUC recommendation, their work RVUs are correctly ranked. She notes that the surgeon opted to convert to an open procedure shortly after beginning the lap chole. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Converted to Open: Create an . Take special care to avoid the epigastric vessels and all intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal structures. Procedure: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Procedure: Small-incision open cholecystectomy: Phase 2 Phase 3: Detailed Description: . First, an incision made either by extending a trocar site, at an alternative location (for example, midline), or for HAL does not constitute an open procedure. She brings twenty five years of hands on management experience to the company. A lap chole involves removal of the gallbladder using a laparoscope, and may be performed with or without cholangiography. Listing of a code in this guideline does not imply that the service described by the code is a covered or non-covered health service. Step 1. What should I not eat with no gallbladder? have to repair a bowel injury or deal with another complication; or In 1999, Lillemoe, et al. For example: Robotic-assistance, hand-assistance, or minor incision for specimen extraction with or without extracorporeal work is still considered a laparoscopic procedure. Accomplish the anastomosis between the ileum and the remaining ascending colon by stapling with a gastrointestinal anastomosis stapler to join the two limbs of bowel. Unfortunately, no. Yuda Handaya A, Werdana VAP, Fauzi AR, Andrew J, Hanif AS, Tjendra KR, Aditya AFK. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The gallbladder fundus is identified, grasped, and retracted superiorly. In cases where the surgeon spends considerable time trying to perform the procedure laparoscopically before converting to open, however, modifier -22 may be appended to the open procedure (either 47600, cholecystectomy, or 47605). CPT code 47560 has a 000-day global period and as a result there is a difference in work between it and codes 47562-47563, which both have 090- day global periods. After insufflation with CO2(carbon dioxide), insert the laparoscope and perform a visual inspection of the abdominal contents. My doctor started a laparoscopic cholecystectomy that had to be converted to open due to significant adhesions. When a cholangiogram is performed in conjunction with a lap chole and no radiologist is present, the surgeon will interpret the images on the fluoroscope to guide the procedure. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy icd 10 procedure code. Partnering with an experienced medical coding outsourcing company can ensure accurate reporting of gastroenterology procedures. Six B. Total spending includes insurer and enrollee payments for the facility portion of the surgical procedure; the physician portion billed on a separate professional claim is not included. 8596 E. 101st Street, Suite HTulsa, OK 74133, CPC: Director of Revenue Cycle Management, CPC: Senior Solutions Manager: Practice and RCM, Outsource Strategies International. Accessibility CPT Code For Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, PeekaPoo - Size, Character, Breeders, Mix, Color, Sale, Price, Southdown Sheep Disadvantages, Advantages, Characteristics, Price, Simangus Cattle Disadvantages, Advantages, Facts, Price, Murray Grey Cattle Pros and Cons, Facts, Price, Balancer Cattle Pros & Cons, Characteristics, Origin, Weight, Black Baldy Cattle Advantages, Disadvantages, Characteristics, Uses, Hampshire Sheep Pros and Cons, Temperament, Price. The deadline to claim CME credit for the March issue is May 31, 2022. A review of published data from the previous two decades was also conducted for comparison of contemporary versus historical reasons for intraoperative conversion. Modifiable lifestyle risk factors include obesity, high fat or high-cholesterol diet, and diabetes. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Medicare Contractor Medical Directors (CMDs) propose that CPT codes 47560, 47562, and 47563 are potentially misvalued because the more extensive code has lower work RVUs than the less extensive codes.4 The ACS disagrees and believes that the CMDs may have overlooked the fact that 47560 (Laparoscopy, surgical; with guided transhepatic cholangiography, without biopsy) has a 000-day global period. The American College of Surgeons (ACS), the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) have recently received inquiries about correct Current Procedural Terminology (CPT*) coding for colectomy procedures. People who have had gallbladder removal surgery should avoid certain foods, including: The incision and your abdominal muscles may ache, especially after long periods of standing. Post-cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) is the term used to describe the persistence of biliary colic or right upper quadrant abdominal pain with a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, which are similar to the features experienced by an individual before cholecystectomy.
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