blood type b and covid vaccine side effects blood type b and covid vaccine side effects

Less than 2% of the population have B negative blood. xhr.send(payload); In addition, a 2020 analysis in The Lancet found that compared to Covid patients who werent in intensive care, those who were critically ill in the ICU and died had higher VWF antigens in their blood. Shes most passionate about hiking, traveling, mindfulness, cooking, and really, really good coffee. These include: chills fatigue fever headache muscle pain nausea pain at the injection site redness at the. Table2 Factors associated with the neutralization antibody concentration after the administration of the Chinese inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Figure3 Quantitation of cell immune responses on days 1240 following administration of the Chinese inactivated vaccine. The early response observed 30 days after the second dose showed a boost effect linked to the same manufacturers scheme. Lustig Y, Sapir E, Regev-Yochay G, Cohen C, Fluss R, Olmer L, et al. From days 31 to 240, there was a slight decrease in the GMC of neutralizing antibodies in both groups. Therefore, we designed a multicenter, longitudinal, observational study to evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a second dose of inactivated vaccine among those who received the two vaccines from different manufacturers. One, for instance, suggests that people with Type A may have a higher risk of catching Covid-19 and of. Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines Some people have no side effects. This study was a multicenter, longitudinal, prospective, observational study conducted in two hospitals (Henan Provincial Peoples Hospital and Zhengzhou Municipal Chinese Medicine Hospital) and one institution (Henan Electric Power Survey and Design Institute) in central China. We know the Covid virus damages the lining of your blood vessels. mesurer votre utilisation de nos sites et applications. Blood type is actually a pretty weak player, Dr. Udden says. Thiruvengadam R, Awasthi A, Medigeshi G, Bhattacharya S, Mani S, Sivasubbu S, et al. Comment on "SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations may not only be complicated by GBS but also by distal small fiber neuropathy by J. Finsterer. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Glob Health Res Policy (2022) 7:21. doi:10.1186/s41256-022-00255-1, 12. Socio-economic status is a big vulnerability, and age and health are next in line for susceptibility. Boosting vaccination is considered important, as antibodies and cellular immune responses were reduced in susceptible populations. The observations made in the "Study of blood group analysis and its correlation with lymphopenia in Covid- 19 infected people" were carried during the first wave of cases for two months in a retrospective manner. This may explain why individuals with blood type A were more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection than those with other blood types. Lorsque vous utilisez nos sites et applications, nous utilisons des, authentifier les utilisateurs, appliquer des mesures de scurit, empcher les spams et les abus; et. Yin F, Wu Z, Xia X, Ji M, Wang Y, Hu Z. Type O blood, the most common in the U.S., provides some protection against COVID. Lancet Infect Dis (2022) 22:47382. It also can be potentially quite large and thus a bit unsettling. Unfolding the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in China. MeSH Association between mRNA vaccination and COVID-19 hospitalization and disease severity. In both intervention and control groups, the positive rate of neutralizing IgG antibodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD slowly increased to 84.1% from 1 to 14 days, peaked at 97.7% from 60 to 90 days, and then slowly decreased and remained at 82.9% from 180 to 240 days after the second vaccination. Bruising for no. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which . Feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heartbeat COVID can cause heart problems, too Having COVID-19 can also cause heart problems. doi:10.1128/spectrum.01181-21, 21. Tenforde MW, Self WH, Adams K, Gaglani M, Ginde AA, McNeal T, et al. Dr. Susan R. Bailey, an allergist, immunologist and president of the American Medical Association, said side effects develop because your immune system is reacting to the vaccine. We identified age as a contributing factor; with increasing age, the antibody concentration generated was decreased, and the rate of decrease in the neutralizing antibody concentration was rapid (age 3150 years vs. age 1830 years, B = 0.31, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.1; p = 0.009; Table2; Figure2C). What Your Blood Type Has to Do With Getting Covid, This Coffee Shop Provides Free Therapy for Men, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. The duration of the immune response was determined for each participant as the time interval between the date of blood collection and that of the second dose of the vaccine. Antigen-specific humoral immune responses were detected using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) anti-SARS-CoV-2 S kit (Shanghai GeneoDx Biotech, Ltd., Co., Shanghai, China), which detects neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) on a universal microplate reader (DNM-9602; Beijing Pulang Ltd., Co., Beijing, China); values > 6.5 IU/mL were considered positive. Factors that influence the concentration of neutralizing antibodies and cellular responses were analyzed using a multivariate linear regression model, which could be set on one of the classified variances as a reference to calculate the B value (18). However, in China, data on long-term immunogenicity and adverse effects of inactivated vaccines produced by different manufacturers or the same manufacturer have not been reported. Post SARS-CoV-2 vaccination Guillain-Barre syndrome in 19 patients. Parameters of cell immune responses were evaluated by quantifying the levels of interferon (IFN)-, interleukin (IL)-6, and CD4, and counts of B-lymphocyte subsets in the plasma after overnight stimulation of whole blood with 2 g/mL SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides (Wuhan Huamei Biotechnology Ltd., Co., Wuhan, China) or dimethyl sulfoxide in whole-blood culture as a control, requiring only 2 mL blood (14). Based on our research, we rate FALSE the claim that 1 million "COVID-vaccine injuries" are reported in a CDC database. Cytokine levels and lymphocyte subset counts were measured using flow cytometry (Beamcyte-1026; Changzhou Beamdiag Co., Ltd., Changzhou, China). Our findings could provide evidence for an appropriate vaccination strategy against COVID-19. Blood type is not associated with a severe worsening of symptoms in people who have tested positive for COVID-19, report Harvard Medical School researchers based at Massachusetts General Hospital. However, some studies have people wondering if blood type affects coronavirus risk. Either way, that would color how likely you are to not only get the virus but also how strong your symptoms are, he explains. That link was established pretty early on in the pandemic and scientists didn't let it go. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the cellular immune responses and neutralizing antibody kinetics of homologous and heterologous administrations of an inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine 240 days after the second vaccination. Safety and reactogenicity of a liquid formulation of human rotavirus vaccine (porcine circovirus-free): A phase III, observer-blind, randomized, multi-country study. Research is still finding clues about who's more susceptible and why. At 240 days after vaccination, the GMC of neutralizing antibodies in the mixed-manufacturer vaccination group decreased to 8.5 IU/mL, which was less than the decrease detected in the same-manufacturer vaccination group (20.5 IU/mL) (p < 0.001). The most common adverse effect was fatigue (n = 4), followed by fever (n = 2), injection site pain (n = 4), malaise (n = 4), rash (n = 4), and pruritus (n = 3). The median age at vaccination was 35 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2850) for those administered a vaccine of the same manufacturer (control) and 33 years (IQR: 2150) for those administered vaccines from different manufacturers (intervention) (Table1). U.S. federal health agencies have recommended pausing the use of Johnson & Johnson's COVID-19 vaccine after six recipients developed a rare disorder involving blood clots, in a fresh setback to . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The positive rate of neutralizing antibodies peaked at 97.7% at 6090 days, decreased, and stabilized at 82.9% at 181240 days post-vaccination. xhr.open('POST', 'https://www.google-analytics.com/collect', true); Serious side effects. doi:10.2196/26089, 24. One study of over 3,000 people who got a COVID-19 vaccine did not find any increased side effects or other issues among people with different blood types. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Latest research and advice on side effects and allergic reactions related to COVID-19 vaccines. Lancet (2021) 398:12130. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the cellular immune responses and neutralizing antibody kinetics of homologous and heterologous administrations of an inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine 240 days . First there is a reaction in the arm where you are injected - think swelling and soreness - as the immune system swings into gear. Interestingly, the concentration of neutralizing antibodies decreased by an average of 0.004 IU (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0020.005, p < 0.001) per day after vaccination (Table2). A review of neurological side effects of COVID-19 vaccination. There's no known connection between blood types and side effects from COVID-19 vaccines. ae0fcc31ae342fd3a1346ebb1f342fcb, "An Rh status seemed protective against SARS-CoV-2 infection," the study authors wrote. Similarly, previous studies reported that patients with blood group A had an increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2, whereas those with blood group O were associated with a decreased risk (21, 24). . Vous pouvez modifier vos choix tout moment en cliquant sur le lien Tableau de bord sur la vie prive prsent sur nos sites et dans nos applications. Antibody responses to BNT162b2 vaccination in Japan: Monitoring vaccine efficacy by measuring IgG antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. The results were notable: Adjusting for demographics and co-morbidities, the risk for a COVID-19 diagnosis was 12 percent lower for people with type O blood and the risk for severe COVID-19 or death was 13 percent lower, compared to those with A, AB, or B blood types. Figure1 Study profile. Hum Vaccin Immunother (2022) 18:2078634. doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2078634, 9. Lower antibody concentrations were correlated with older age, longer duration after vaccination, non-health care workers, mixed-manufacturer vaccinations, and intervals of less than 40 days between two doses of vaccination, whereas lower IFN- levels and B-lymphocyte counts were associated with older age, blood type A, and non-health care workers. Clinics. Lancet (2022) 399:5219. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi (2021) 44:49296. Yet no research so far has been able to pin down the molecular goings on that explain the mechanism behind why this might be so. Front Public Health. And guess what: People with Type A blood have higher levels of VWF naturally than people with type O blood, Dr. Udden points out. Introduction: In China, the long-term immunogenicity and adverse effects of inactivated vaccines produced by different or the same manufacturer remain unclear. 20052022 MedPage Today, LLC, a Ziff Davis company. Third, because of limited resources, we could not perform pseudo-virus neutralization tests of neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19 (27). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. In addition, we are grateful to our colleagues Wenning Yang, Yafei Chu, Qiong Ma, and Wenbo Xu, who assisted with sample collection. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies For a March study out of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, scientists tracked the blood types of nearly 2,200 COVID-19 patients in Chinese hospitals, along with those of about 27,000 individuals who didn't have COVID-19 in the same areas. Among them, Beijing Kexing Zhongwei, Beijing Kexing, Beijing Biology, Lanzhou Biology, Wuhan Biology, and Changchun Biology produce the inactivated vaccine type for a vaccination program of two doses at an interval of 38 weeks. You've read a lot about what puts you at an increased risk of having a severe case of COVID-19, from smoking to carrying around extra weight to being over a certain age. To control the COVID-19 epidemic and build an active immunization barrier among populations, the Chinese Government provided free COVID-19 vaccination to all citizens as of December 2020 (3). It is COVID infection, and the growing evidence of persistent symptoms from what has become known as "long COVID," that are the most troubling unknown out there, Goepfert says. We also evaluated CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, B-cell counts, and IFN- and IL-6 levels after stimulation with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 in 543, 539, 513, and 512 individuals, respectively. The blood group A was statistically significantly more frequent among those infected with COVID-19 compared to controls (57% vs. 38%, P < 0.001; OR: 2.1). Nat Commun (2021) 12:1162. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21444-5, 22. -, Wiedmann M, Skattr T, StrayPedersen A, et al. The two tubes with the EDTA anticoagulant were used to determine lymphocyte subsets with or without antigen-stimulated SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides, and the two tubes without the EDTA anticoagulant were used to determine neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and cytokines with or without antigen-stimulated SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides. The retailer is being called out over its strict security measures. Opens in a new tab or window, Share on Twitter. Epub 2021 Aug 28. SARS-CoV-2 and adverse reactions to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations show a tropism for neuronal structures and tissues. Reactogenicity analysis results are presented as percentage of participants. Our product picks are editor-tested, expert-approved. A few side effects are serious, but rare. In addition, other variables, including sex, occupation, vaccination type, and blood type, based on their natural classification, were divided into different categories. 36 COVID-19 vaccine recipients develop rare blood disorder after getting Moderna, Pfizer shots Immune thrombocytopenia is a condition that causes your platelet count to fall. The relationships between blood type-, age-, sex-, and occupation-related reactivities of neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses were demonstrated. Moderna says 9.7% of their participants felt fatigued and 4.5% got . The chances of any of these side effects occurring after vaccination differ according to the specific vaccine. 2021;2(9):709056. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.709056 Case Rep Infect Dis. Editorial: Rebound COVID-19 and cessation of antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 with paxlovid and molnupiravir. The retailer's cutting-edge new offering is angering some local residents. O is the most common blood type in the U.S.: 37 percent of white Americans fall into this category, according to the American Red Cross, with the numbers rising to 47 percent among African-Americans, 53 percent among Latinx-Americans, and 39 percent of Asian-Americans. Unfortunately, this is a much more rare blood type. Progress and challenge of COVID-19 vaccine development. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00770-X, 26. Very common side effects in the . Previous research has found that people with A blood types are more at risk. The full eligibility criteria were provided in the volunteer recruitment notification distributed through social networks, including WeChat groups. We may earn a commission through links on our site. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00087-X, 8. Li G, Cappuccini F, Marchevsky NG, Aley PK, Aley R, Anslow R, et al. Blood type may influence other infections, as well. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2021-0045, 18. Follow. and transmitted securely. Natl Sci Rev (2021) 8:nwab193. ABO blood typing was performed using a test-tube method according to the manufacturers protocol (Chengdu Xiehe Ltd., Co., Chengdu, China). doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.065, 16. Additional research and review papers have confirmed that we're in more or less the same place: It looks like there really is an association between Type A blood and susceptibility to Covid and Type O blood and less susceptibility. if( navigator.sendBeacon ) { J Clin Transl Res. While Anderson and colleagues noted their sample was mostly white, with a minority contribution from other ethnicities, they added their results were similar when restricted to white race alone. Congestion/runny nose. Med Sci Monit (2022) 28:e938532. These antibodies can also bind to and activate platelets, priming them to clump together and trigger clotting. The severity of the COVID-19 disease Recent data suggests that people with blood type A have a significantly higher risk of acquiring COVID-19 than non-A blood types. This can result in pain, redness, or swelling at . The study complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice, and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Henan Provincial Peoples Hospital (approval number 20210051, date of approval May 24, 2021). Wheatley AK, Juno JA, Wang JJ, Selva KJ, Reynaldi A, Tan HX, et al. Therefore, we could not determine the level of neutralizing antibodies against viruses that cause breakthrough infection or severe infection. People may start . 2022 Dec 6;10(34):12617-12622. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i34.12617. This weird trivia you didn't know about the world will blow you away. Bookshelf Table3 Factors associated with the levels of interferon-gamma after the administration of the Chinese inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. To date, most of the Chinese population has been vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine. A retrospective analysis of clinically confirmed long post-COVID vaccination syndrome. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following the COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S, a case report. Additional research has buttressed the possibility of a link. "Or by being Type O, the virus gets in but the A antibody prevents it from docking with enough cells to cause disease. CNN . doi:10.6061/clinics/2021/e3286 why people on blood thinners shouldn't get the vaccine. The profile of solicited adverse events in this study was consistent with that of a previous study (20). eCollection 2021. The participants in the study (mixed-manufacturer vaccination for the two doses) and control (same-manufacturer vaccination for both doses) groups remained in local community health centers for at least 30min after vaccination to monitor safety, and the occurrence of any adverse event during this observation period was recorded. Participants with blood type A had lower levels of neutralizing antibodies than those with blood type B during 114 days after vaccination (least-square mean difference = 15.8, 95% CI 11.025.2; p = 0.044) (Table S2). Swollen Lymph Nodes After COVID-19 Vaccines May Cause Mammogram Confusion There's no need to worry about any of the flu-like symptoms. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00220-4, 19. Negative blood types are also somewhat protected from the virus. 2022 Dec 22;78:100157. doi: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100157. It's normal to experience side effects after the vaccine. Pain at the injection site, alongside redness and/or swelling Extended fatigue Headaches Widespread muscle pain Joint pain Chills Fever Nausea and vomiting According to current FDA publications,. By February 21, 2021, more than 46 million persons received at least 1 dose of an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. Follow-up visits were scheduled on days 130 to measure vital signs, review any solicited and unsolicited adverse events, and update medical and medication records. } An updated review of the scientific literature on the origin of SARS-CoV-2. There have been multiple studies on blood types and COVID-19 risk. IntroductionIn China, the long-term immunogenicity and adverse effects of inactivated vaccines produced by different or the same manufacturer remain unclear. Unexplained deaths. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need . Based on the duration after vaccination of the participants, we divided the duration after vaccination of the participants into eight groups: 114, 1530, 3060, 6190, 91120, 121150,151180, and 181240 days. An official website of the United States government. The most basic idea is that blood type might influence a persons ability to fight the virus, says David Aronoff, M.D., director of the division of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville. Results: Most participants [582/595; 146 male participants, 449 female participants; mean age 35 (2650 years)] rapidly developed neutralizing antibodies after two doses of the vaccine administered 3-weeks apart. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01420-3, 15. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report that a heterologous Chinese COVID-19 inactivated vaccine administration schedule induced humoral and cellular immune responses in humans and that it was associated with an acceptable and manageable reactogenicity profile 240 days after vaccination. Typical side effects include pain at the injection site, fever, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills and diarrhoea. An independent data-monitoring committee, comprising independent scientists not involved in this study, has been reviewing the data regularly for safety and scientific integrity. Booster shots were administered to people at least 6 months after their previous vaccination on October 20, 2021 (49). You will see significant upgrades in-store and online this year. Discussion: Two doses of the Chinese inactivated vaccine induced robust and rapid antibody expression and cellular immune responses. No. In fact, most people dont even know whether theyre Type A, B, AB, or O. But VWF also . "We don't know why that is, how long these symptoms will last or if there are effective ways to treat them. If you are hesitant because of the possibility of COVID vaccine side effects, the good news is, the risk of a severe reaction is low andDr. The first hint of a possible relationship came in March, from researchers in China, who compared nearly 2,200 hospitalized COVID-19 patients to a control group of approximately 27,000 healthy individuals. Researchers think the clotting may be triggered by the high . The log-transformed level of interferon-gamma, CD4+ T-cell count, B-lymphocyte count, and IL-6 level were used as independent variables. That's why people are observed for at least 15 minutes after receiving the vaccine with epinephrine at the ready. Acta Neurol Scand. Additionally, "Rh had a lower [adjusted relative risk] of severe COVID-19 illness or death.". Vaccine induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia causing a severe form of cerebral venous thrombosis with high fatality rate: a case series. Patients were aged 25 to 63 years, had PNH granulocyte clones of 80%, and had not received transfusions in the past year. They looked at patients from March 3 to Nov. 2, 2020 who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and had a recorded blood type, comparing positive versus negative tests, hospitalized versus non-hospitalized patients and ICU versus non-ICU patients. Participants in the mixed-manufacturer vaccination group, those with an interval of >40 days between doses of vaccination, and workers produced lower levels of IL-6 than those in the same-manufacturer vaccination group, those with an interval of <40 days between doses of vaccination, and medical staff (B = 0.01, 95% CI 0.014 to 0.003, p = 0.003, B = 0.44, 95% CI 0.8 to 0.1, p = 0.019, and B = 1.5, 95% CI 2.1 to 0.9, p < 0.001, respectively; Table6; Figures3FH). if( 'moc.enilnoefiltseb' !== location.hostname.split('').reverse().join('') ) { doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00680-0, 27. Si vous souhaitez personnaliser vos choix, cliquez sur Grer les paramtres de confidentialit. These include soreness where the jab was. Opens in a new tab or window. The most commonly reported side effects were: Fever Headache Fatigue (tiredness) Pain at the injection site Helpful tips to relieve side effects Adults To relieve pain or swelling on the arm where you got the shot: Apply a clean, cool, wet washcloth over the area. Associations were observed between blood type and production of neutralizing antibodies and IFN-. We only observed a trend of decreasing neutralizing antibodies after vaccination over time. 2021;30(12):721146. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.721146 Read on to find out if you're safe, and for more risky behavior to be aware of, know that It Only Takes This Long to Get COVID in a Room With Someone Who Has It. In this study, the older population produced lower levels of neutralizing antibodies, IFN-, B-lymphocytes, and IL-6, similar to that in previous studies (3, 25). The most common side effect of the vaccine is temporary soreness and swelling at the injection site. Source Reference: Anderson JL, et al "Association of Sociodemographic Factors and Blood Group Type With Risk of COVID-19 in a US Population" JAMA Netw Open 2021; DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7429. Then, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine confirmed the idea with a peer-reviewed study: Folks with Type A blood were 45 percent more likely to become infected with Covid than those with other blood types, while those with Type O were 35 percent less likely. Most side effects are mild and normally last only a day or two. Side effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination. Furthermore, based on the study of Lusting etal. If youre type O, you naturally make antibodies against Type A and Type B, Dr. Udden says. Type B Negative. Individuals vaccinated with different vaccines, those with blood type A, and workers had weaker humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccines than those vaccinated with the same vaccine, those with blood type B, and medical staff. Vaccines are still important, as are smart choices to protect yourself from germs. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Wang Z, Liu H, Li Y, Luo X, Yang N, Lv M, et al. Diarrhea. Table1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants (N = 595). Those four main blood groupsA, AB, B, and Ocan be Rh-positive or Rh-negative, meaning that there are 8 blood groups in total. Whether mild or severe, data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has shown that women are bearing the brunt of vaccine reactions, and experts believe it may be due to . Data were calculated based on a linear mixed-effects model adjusted for vaccine manufacturer, sex, age, blood type, occupation, and body mass index (BMI). All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.083, 6. "It's pretty clear that Type O is protective to some degree. Blood type doesnt affect much in our daily lives. NJ, BW, QiZ, and JZ analyzed the immune data of the participants. BM, GC, and ZW contributed to the collection and interpretation of the laboratory and clinical data. "Given the large and prospective nature of our study and its strongly null results, we believe that important associations of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 with ABO groups are unlikely and will not be useful factors associated with disease susceptibility or severity on either an individual or population level for similar environments and ancestries," they concluded. We found that participants with a longer interval between vaccination doses (4056 days) had higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than those with a shorter interval (2140 days). Type O blood, the most common in the U.S., provides some protection against COVID. All participants were clinically evaluated and blood samples were collected for immunological evaluation on day 0. Molly Walker, Associate Editor, MedPage Today All analyses, including linear regression, linear mixed models, and adverse effect analysis, were conducted using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) and plotted using Prism 8.0.